正文 七十、北辰居所众星共(第1页/共3页)
自古以来,地方治政架构同中央便差异很大。与中央的高屋建瓴不同,地方治理更偏重具体操作,即便到了数万年后的21世纪,照样是中央出纲领性文件,省、市出具体文件,县、乡、村则直接上手做事,有“上面千条线,下头一根针”的俗称。例如,中央颁布农业扶持政策,地方颁布相应条例确保实施,县里拨款、乡里分配,到了村里则没那么多规矩和掉书袋,都给我组织大家撸袖子麻利干!把粮食种出来为第一要务!
因此,与尼国中央这些新培养和任命出的人才不同,各侯国需要的是大量能够快速、高效执行政策、把事情办妥的人。幸好,此前各部落联盟均设置长老团,各部落均有乡老团,对于各部落和各盟事务的管理有了不少成熟经验。现在摇身一变,长老团、乡老团就地成为了尼国的地方官,负责各侯国、各郡的事务。
在侯国以下的地方机构设置上,由于此前对分封制弊端的深入思考,我终于放弃了“层层册封”的自上而下分封制,侯国以下未像周王朝那样继续分封伯国、子国,而是将侯国下面拆解为郡,包括王畿也设各郡,一如战国时期各大国的设置。
华夏历史上,郡县制的起源始于春秋时期楚国设“县”,由楚王和楚廷直接委派官吏并考核、轮替,成为分封制以外的全新制度尝试,各国纷纷效仿,后又逐步设郡。至战国七雄并立,各国已大多数建立郡县制,渐渐动摇国内的分封制。至秦统一天下,将县置于郡下,全国设40个郡,开启了大一统王朝摆脱分封制束缚的大胆尝试——虽然结局并不好。
在秦汉,郡无疑是省级行政单位,但却存在划分过小、过细等问题。汉朝郡守的官阶与中央的九卿平级(两千石),但九卿只有九人,郡守却有数十人,且国家被切割得过细,也不利于统一治理(须知以后世中国如此广袤的领土,刨除较小的特区和直辖市,也仅仅划分了28个大省)。至东汉,“州”一级的确立终于解决了该治理问题,读三国演义时熟悉的荆州、益州、冀州、幽州等“真正的”省级行政单位开始出现,而州牧、刺史则成为华夏历史上第一批“省长”。
东汉划定天下为“青幽并冀徐豫兖扬荆益雍凉交”等十三州,大体相当于后世大省数目的三分之一到一半,而有效领土面积也大概若此——东汉各州的区域同后世的省已经开始吻合,基本相当于后世1-2个省的规模,如豫州为河南大部、雍州为陕西大部、益州为四川加云南、荆州为湖北加湖南等。至此,郡(后也改称过州、府、地区、地级市)成为第二级单位,而县则成为第三级。
新的制度优势很明显,绵延华夏历史数千年的第二个重大问题——中央与地方权力之争,也同时进入新的发展阶段。郡县制(后又经历州郡制、道州制、路州制、省府县制等)实施后,中央控制地方的力度进一步增大。
当然,步子迈太大容易干什么来着?
秦朝由分封
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