正文 第三章透过现象看本质(第3页/共3页)
殖旱幕埃谀宰永锕艘槐椋粲兴颉�
林澈讲的很透彻。
大明年年用兵，需要耗费大量的钱粮，而钱粮来自哪里，还不是来自老百姓。
年年征战，年年纳粮。
老百姓哪里还有好日子过，休养生息更是无从谈起。
朱樉站起来给林澈和自己倒了一杯酒，这才说道：
“先生，按您的意思，朝廷实行军屯，就能解决农民负担问题，老百姓就能休养生息？”
然而，林澈却摇了摇头：
“非也！你只看到了问题的表面，却没有领会实质。”
朱樉一时有些懵圈。
你讲了半天军屯，却不是问题的实质啊？
抓了抓脑袋，朱樉困惑问道：
“先生…那所谓的问题实质又是什么？”
隔壁的老朱父子同样好奇。
林澈看着一脸懵逼的朱樉，淡淡道：
“洪武朝的百姓困苦，除了年年用兵，还有一个更大的原因，也可以说是致命的原因。”
“洪武五年，朝廷颁布法令：食禄之家，与庶民贵贱有等，趋事执役以奉上者，庶民之事也…自今百司见任官员之家，有田土者，输租税外，悉免其徭役。”
“法令规定，凡朝廷当官的可以免除徭役和赋税，不仅当官的，就连士绅也享受这一特权。”
“后来，连在学的学生、生员之家，除了本身外，户内还免除两人差役。”
“这样一来，现任官、士绅、生员逃避了税赋，豁免了徭役。”
“完粮当差的义务，便完全落在农民的身上。”
“农民不但出自己的赋税徭役，连官僚士绅的一份，也一并承担下来了。”
林澈轻轻抿了一口酒，语气幽幽：
“农民苦啊！”
顿了顿，继续说道：
“官僚士绅享受着特权，农民的负担却越来越重。
“他们不得不将自己的田地贱卖给这些人，自己再从他们手里租田耕种。”
“如此一来，土地兼并愈演愈烈。”
“大量田地落在不用缴纳赋税的官僚士绅手里，大量的农民由自耕农变成佃农。”
“土地愈集中，农民手里的田地就愈少，赋税摊派就愈重，生活就愈困苦。”
“所以，我说导致农民困苦的根本原因，不在于打仗，也不是实行军屯就能解决的。”
“而在于朝廷赋予官僚士绅特权，导致土地兼并严重，农民失去土地。”
“水能载舟，亦能覆舟。”
“天下的百姓是水，大明朝是舟，舟一旦失去水的承载，必定倾覆。”
“大明朝危矣！”
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