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正文 成公下论(第1页/共3页)



吴之乘楚,始于州来、巢,于是而知吴之无如楚何,而晋之不能用吴矣。晋之与楚争也,于冥扼之北,徐、豫之野,是所谓四战之国也。

楚出山而战,不恤其内,画汉依山,无忌焉耳。故内固而外可以逞,胜则进,败则退,中无丧也。吴不谋所以丧其中者,亦与竞于淮、泗,楚虽进增一敌,而退犹不失其故。吴之于楚犹晋也,而其如楚何也。

故吴之乘楚,莫利乎乘于晋之所不及乘;晋之用吴,莫利乎用于己之所不能用。吴涉江而仅及于州来,犹夫楚之未得州来已耳。吴涉淮而仅及于巢,犹夫楚之未得巢焉已耳。

昔者楚尝未得州来与巢矣,而熊通以强,熊頵以逞。则州来、巢者,楚之骈枝也,且晋聚而攻楚于斯,吴亦聚而攻楚于斯,楚一面以应,而余犹晏然矣。吴胡不涉彭蠡,泛滥于江南,以袭鄂而窥郢邪!

晋钳其味而吴捣其膺,无全楚矣。吴与晋聚争于徐、豫之交,而吴无固获。吴与晋聚争于徐、豫之交,而晋亦不能固信吴以缔其交援,故甫用吴而即与争郯,晋之不固用吴也,而吴掣矣。

吴与晋聚争于徐、豫之交,即泗上诸侯惎吴而为楚分敌。鲁疑之,故伐郯而恐;齐疑之,故终与之争;吴又隔江渡淮以东北逐,而越亦乘其虚也。吴之不能如楚何,固矣。

吴不能如楚何,则晋之用吴,亦徒多其敌而不获其初心。盖吴者,无能审者也。觇晋、楚之争于此,则以是为天下之枢,若得当之而即成乎王霸,贸贸然暴其与晋相用之势而弃其所攻,不知用也。迨至于阖庐为长岸之师,伍员为豫章之涉,而吴亦老矣。

早窥之于江、湖之介,吴气新而楚魄夺,多取之于江、湖之介,楚壤逼而吴用利,岂至入郢而不能有哉!孙权之夺荆州也,先收之于三郡,其知此矣。晋介然以用贸贸之吴,吴介然以听贸贸之巫臣,吴恶能大得于楚,晋亦恶能固用夫吴邪?逆势以图大,知用聚而不知用散,凭力而废谋,兼此三者,虽强如苻坚,悍如完颜亮,不足惮矣。楚犹然其惮之,抑以知婴齐、侧之无能为也。

晋景之末年,忧楚为已亟也,乃不知婴齐、侧之不足为晋忧也。然而晋忧之亟,于是而用吴。吴为出兵以向州来、巢,而晋忧犹未释也,乃归鲁、卫之侵地以固齐,齐为听命以寻盟于蒲,夫然后得问罪于郑,以执其君而伐其国。抑鲁、卫以伸齐,介齐以待吴,晋之所为翼东诸侯以拟楚者已劳矣。

曾未数年,不得志于郑,抑无一矢以加楚,所谋者一无所效,顾请求成于楚而始与楚讲。夫晋将挟齐、吴以动楚,而徼其成与?抑晋之固不欲成于楚,方将挟齐、吴以制楚,弗获已而姑与之成与?由是以度之,知晋之所甚急者秦也,故成楚,而伐秦之师大举也。

齐之霸,所与偕者,宋、鲁也;晋之霸,所与偕者,齐、秦也。齐孝公不能下宋而轻鲁,齐于是乎为天下役。是故事必有所基,因必有所亲,农者不舍其先畴,则旱而不馁。鲁、卫之于晋,懿亲也;晋之于齐始所偕以霸者也。合鲁、卫以攻齐,抑鲁、卫以伸齐,胥非术也。

鲁、卫不亲,而齐亦不信,晋之弃其亲者两矣。下齐以制楚,其庶几也。下齐制楚,而必因齐以通吴。晋于是而失之一。

楚、晋之与争霸者也;吴、晋之未与争霸者也。虽然,所恶于楚者,自王也,乖戾而不可亲也,利食乎中国而不恤天下之裂也。夫此三者而吴皆视楚,其毁衣冠,灭典礼,为加甚焉。且未成者之方兴,视已成者之将替,尤乎其不可向迩矣。方制一楚而又进一楚,进一楚而又无以制楚。晋于是乎而失之二。

齐,所与偕以霸者也;楚,争之而以霸者也。下齐以制楚,其庶几矣。楚,争之而以霸者也;秦,所与偕以霸者也;下楚以求大逞于秦,晋于是乎而失之三。

秦之得罪于天下,唯党楚也。秦之舍中国以向楚,晋激之也。是法之所公戮,楚首而秦从矣。且晋之托国也,秦与密迩,可与共功而撄之也,则害亦切。

楚远矣,与其交吴,且不如其交楚,况夫与其交楚,固不如其交秦也。交其远,攻其近,害中于肘腋,而威损于遐方。晋于是乎而失之四。

通吴以制楚,吴不能制楚而兵先及郯。他日吴之能制楚,而又夺蔡于晋,且以夺鲁、卫而破齐,晋固未能用吴也。下楚以逞于秦,楚终莫为我以摈秦,且乘其有秦之衅,而亟伐郑以夺郑于晋。晋尤未能用楚也,两授其腹心于非所据,竟无尺寸之功而反丧焉。晋于是乎而失之五。

夫晋之果欲服齐也,则无如其固鲁、卫也,鞍之战所以克,有先效矣。晋之果欲制楚也,则无如其舍吴以全齐也,抑无如其捐秦忿以自固于河也,城濮之战所以胜,有先效矣。晋之果欲无秦祸也,则无如其伸威于楚也。

他日楚屈于萧鱼,晋伐秦而秦不敢报,其明征矣。晋为瞀焉以成乎五失,于是而吴、楚之迹交于中国,而终失秦,以自困于河。

故夫晋景、栾书之汲汲以谋也,诚不如其勿谋也。《诗》云“如彼筑室于道谋,是用不溃于成”,芸 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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