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正文 昭公下论(第1页/共3页)

二十

美之大,有传人;恶之尤,有罪主。不立夫罪主者,非其恶之尤也;不足有传人者,非其美之大也。雷震夷伯之庙,而目言夷伯,以为其独以当天之怒矣。

石碏杀州吁,雍廪杀无知,而概之以人,石碏讨贼之力微,雍廪乘乱而无必志,不足以当讨贼之实也。二百四十二年之间,一与一相当,取推刃弑逆之贼,无倚于人而伸其独愤者,公子弃疾而已。

《春秋》书“楚公子弃疾杀公子比”,大词也。大之乎石碏之与雍廪,而弃疾传也。圣人没,大义隐,淫词以乱,覆大恶,掩大美,知义者之所弗取。弗取之者,不足取矣。谓弃疾胁比以立,而又忌杀之,则是比弱而弃疾强,比拙而弃疾狡,比犹贤而弃疾固恶也。

诎弱以伸强,势人之术,《春秋》之不为势人,审矣。拙者为狡者之囮,而护狡者之谖,以弑君之罪归拙者,愚人之断,《春秋》之不为愚人,审矣。抑弗获已而曰比贤,而《春秋》责备之邪?夫责之备,爱之深也。

责之以大粹,而摘其小疵,全之也。取他人覆载不容之恶,推与之以即污潴之刑,人何利有君子之爱,一陷小疵,而即婴无上之辟哉?严其所恶,奖其所爱,君子之情不回,而天下顺焉;苛其所爱,贷其所恶,虽得天下不能一朝居。甚矣,淫词之以害治拂情而贼道,如此其烈也!

《春秋》传弃疾之人以甚美其讨贼之独力,二百四十二年之仅见。立臣子之鹄以伸天讨,大义昭,无容掩也。

二十一

《春秋》之始不授伯。授伯者,以拒楚也。授伯以拒楚,楚虽善而不纳。递乎长岸之战而内楚者,以拒吴也。故君子之道“无适也,无莫也”。忧患日深,乘时以盈虚,“行其庭,不见其人”。人虽不可与,有无见者矣。“楚人及吴战于长岸”,号吴人楚而殊之,内楚外吴之旨明矣。

外内者无定形,以内视之而外,以外视之而内,犹门庭之与室也。庭视室而外,视诸门而内矣。楚始僭矣,是于周外而有楚也,故从乎周而外楚,中统边之词也。

楚受贡于宁母,争晋而不敢争周,终乎伯而忌王,衣裳礼物肖中国,而从于会盟。吴乃以断发文身之质,蔑礼寻兵,而亟乘楚祸。则从乎吴之外而内楚,近统远之词也。近远者,非地与族之谓也。

均是人也,言不可得而通,服饰器用不可得而名,嗜好怨恶不可得而知,斯远乎人矣。远乎人之必外,故近乎人之必纳,是以弗获已而纳楚。

近乎道者近乎人,远乎道者远乎人。道不可得,维其人;人不可得,则又维其人道之近。

授伯,则以人存道,而道可屈;内楚,则以道存人,而人可泛。故曰:“行其庭,不见其人。”广大其心以存人道,而无适人,君子之于人道至切矣。

二十二

夫子叹:“吾犹及史之阙文,而今亡。”文亡阙者,曲以成其说也。阙而曲成之,则抑不必阙而亦曲成之。

罪人之曲辩,党恶者之诐词,简牍未删,或乐其新以取之,而是非挠。于是圣人作《春秋》,据名实,定诛赏,诎曲以伸直。实有者不故出,实无者不故入。

圣人无意,因天下而不私。其书曰:“许世子止弑其君买。”赫然举覆载不容之罪加诸人子,实所本有,不得而出焉,定矣。传《春秋》者犹曲为之说,纵止于大憝,而陷《春秋》以深文之过。

俗儒淫,大义隐,卮言日繁,世教之凌夷久矣。

且夫出人罪而使之轻,则轻者无处矣;入人罪而使之重,则重者无处矣。不尝药而言弑,何以处夫楚商臣、蔡般之躬为枭獍者也?纳商臣、般于不尝药以毁死之等,而商臣、般可自托于孝子之列矣。

且夫不尝药之不可言弑,犹其不可言孝也。周衰礼废,二百四十二年以卒葬见者百有余君,其子之能尝药者,吾不知其仅几也。药之杀人也,或尝而得,或不可尝而得。以尤毒之药攻疾,虽无疾者尝之而眩,百不一也。

已寒而清之,已暑而温之,表疾而里之,里疾而表之,虽杀人也速,要皆不可尝而得者也。故尝药者,孝子之末文也。仅以一尝终臣子之文,而子道毕;仅以一不尝未修己末之文,而弑名定;是率天下以为伪,而蔑其固有之良矣。故曲为之说者,不足以贼道,则圣人何叹焉?

有其所无,无其所有,司曲谨,纵大恶,逞末文,损天懿。圣人之叹,叹此焉耳。欧阳氏之辨,得圣人之旨。必伸传而抑之,胡氏之保残专己,固矣夫!

二十三

葬者,人子之事也。君弑而贼不讨,以是为无子矣,故不书葬,有贼臣以当罪,而子犹与于恶也。

虽然,与于恶而恶亦灭矣。罪定于推刃之贼臣,特以不葬诛其子,使视夫捐其亲于沟壑者,当不孝之罚。以情议法,等杀差也。

若夫为世子者,既弑其君亲,大憝之刑,致一而已,则不复以不葬再诛其子,已从乎重,舍其轻也。

已从乎重,复从乎轻,是犹可求之于为子之道,而大恶逸。故蔡景、许悼之书葬,不复以子处其子也。臣弑君,贼不讨,以不葬诛其子;子弑父,贼不讨,不以不葬诛其臣与其余子。何也?葬非臣事也,丧有主,而弑父者为丧主,亦非余子事也。身为储君,分尊势逼,威行于中外,恬然就宫中为逆而代之立,中材以下,为之臣与其余子,固不能旦暮讨也。君子矜焉,而有待,不遽诛也。

且不葬之罚,诛世子者也,臣与余子终不能讨,亦不于葬诛之。法之所丽,贵贱之差辨矣。

知此,则蔡景、许悼之葬,其义也。许止之为枭獍,又何辨焉?曲说者求之于葬不得,则又求之于日,无所不为许止解。意者其乐枭獍之私昵乎?

二十四

诸侯之世子必名,故当丧有故而亦 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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