正文 毕命(第2页/共3页)
而必于能达。奚定体之必拘,而遏要可片言尽哉?
夫西周之诰誓,降而为春秋之词命,降而为战国之游谈,体趋卑而失要,文趋靡而离质,则信然矣。乃其离质以靡者,其将可以为文乎?其能用足以发其体乎?其能详足以尽其要乎?盖亦相承相袭而有雷同之体,执其成见而动人以其要也。是则用不穷而能详乎体者,战国之游谈固不如春秋之词命,〔春秋之词命〕固不如西周之诰誓矣。
文之靡者非其文,非其文者非其质。犹雪失其白而后失其雪。夫岂有雪去白存之忧!辞之善者,集文以成质。辞之失也,吝于质而萎于文。集文以成质,则天下因文以达质,而礼、乐、刑、政之用以章。文萎而质不昭,则天下莫劝于其文,而礼、乐、刑、政之施如啖枯木、扣败鼓,而莫为之兴。盖离于质者非文,而离于文者无质也。惟质则体有可循,惟文则体有可著。惟质则要足以持,惟文则要足以该。故文质彬彬,而体要立矣。
而后世所号为辞人者:立一体以尽文之无穷,一开一阖,万应而约于一定:非是,则曰此其佚焉者矣。立一要以亏质之固有,去其所必资,割其所相待,束急而孤露其宗旨;非是,则曰此其漫焉者矣。
信然,则且以一马该天下之马而无白马,以一白该天下之白而并无白人;则且异人于马,而必不许同之于白,见人亦白而谓其非人,而斥之为马。筋脉浮出于皮肤之表,而肌肉荣卫萎而不灵,以尺限肘,以寸限指,截长续短以为木偶,而生气生理了不相属。
故苏洵氏之所为体,非体也。锢天下于苏洵之体,而文之无穷者尽废。开阖呼应,斤斤然仅保其一指之节,而官骸皆诎;竭力殚思,以争求肖于其体。则不知此体也,天下何所需之,而若不能一旦离之也!皎然之于诗律,王鏊、钱福之于制义,亦犹是也,而辞之体裂矣。
韩愈氏之要,非要也。以擢筋出骨者为要,要其所要,而不足以统天下之详,则不足以居天下之要矣。
漠然无当于兴观,而使人一往而意尽,骚骚乎其野以哀,鼎鼎乎其小人之怒也。则不知此要也,为何者之要而何所会也!欧阳修之于史,陈师道、钟惺之于诗,亦祖是也,而辞之要乱矣。
孤露者无体,束急者非要,驱天下于其阱中,而塾师乐用为授受之资,竖儒图便为科场之贽,徒用争胜于萧梁父子、温庭筠、杨亿之浮艳,曰吾以起其衰也,而不知其衰之弥甚也。
蔡氏之言曰:“趣完具之谓体。”趣完具者,一切苟且之谓也。谁其督责造物,而令飞潜动植之各有其官骸、茎叶以成体?抑谁其督责立言者,令积字为句,积句为章以塞责,而迫不容待,以苟完免咎乎?
先王以人文化成天下,则言道者与道为体,言物者与物为体。故必沈潜以观化,涵泳以得情,各称其经纬,曲尽其隐微;而后辞之为体,合符于道与物之体,以起生人
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