正文 第94章 西方思想及宗教简史之十五!(第2页/共3页)
军2万,配合蒙古军攻破蔡州(今河南汝南),完颜守绪自杀,金亡。
1211年(成吉思汗六年)成吉思汗帅蒙古军开始伐金,至1234年(窝阔台汗六年)灭亡金朝,历时23年。
宋元战争即蒙古与南宋战争,是蒙古帝国(蒙哥汗死后蒙古帝国分裂,1271年忽必烈建立元朝)与南宋的战略决战,始自1234年宋军端平入洛,至1279年崖山海战宋室败亡结束,共历时46年。
1234年正月,蒙宋联合灭金。金国灭亡之后,同年六月,宋廷发起“收复三京”之役,宋军进兵中原,收复汴京、洛阳,史称“端平入洛”。蒙古发兵南下,击退中原宋军,蒙宋战争开始。
1235年,窝阔台汗下令攻宋,蒙古数十万大军自东起淮河,西至巴蜀的战线上,对南宋发起全面进攻,蒙宋激战六年,大小数十战,双方均伤亡惨重,暂且罢兵。
1258年,蒙古大汗蒙哥下诏,三路大军全面攻宋。蒙哥统主力入蜀,命忽必烈攻鄂州,兀良合台攻广西,以期三路大军会师鄂州。1259年,蒙哥汗率军与宋军大战于合州钓鱼城,战事不利,蒙哥汗身死钓鱼城下。蒙古帝国因汗位之争,陷入内乱。
忽必烈击败阿里不哥而夺得汗位后,谋划新一轮的对宋战争。1267年,用宋降将刘整之策,利用襄樊守将吕文德允许蒙古人在樊城外设榷场的战略失误,对襄樊形成了长期围困,宋廷数次派重兵破围,均未成功。1273年,襄樊陷落,南宋防御体系崩溃。1276年,太皇太后谢道清带5岁的宋恭帝出降,临安陷落。1279年,宋元双方在崖山外海进行了崖山大海战,史称“崖山之战”,宋军战败,陆秀夫负8岁的宋末帝赵昺跳海而死。宋亡,大元统一中国。
1218年,蒙古在西征战役顺势消灭西辽,蒙古以其强悍的骑兵和火器,对中亚和欧洲进行大规模征讨。乃蛮部太阳汗之子屈出律,被蒙古军击败后,逃入西辽。西辽直鲁古汗收其为驸马。屈出律勾结花剌子模推翻直鲁汗,篡夺西辽政权。并同蔑里乞部残余势力联合,继续与蒙古为敌。当年,成吉思汗派大将哲别率2万蒙古军西征屈出律,屈出律兵败被擒,西辽亡。【西辽(公元1124年至1218年),是中国历史上由契丹族在今新疆和中亚地区建立的政权。突厥语和西方史籍称之为“哈剌契丹”或“喀喇契丹”。建立者是辽朝耶律阿保机的八世孙耶律大石。历三世三帝两后,享国94年。】
公元1239年,蒙古大军挺进青藏高原,没费多少劲儿就把分裂的吐蕃各部全部拿下。
公元1247年,青藏宗教头头跟蒙古皇子阔端在甘肃白塔寺碰头开会,这事儿在历史上叫“凉州会盟”。凉州会盟意味着青藏高原正式被蒙古收服,也代表着青藏从此进入了中国的地盘。
公元1252年(蒙古宪宗二年、大理天定元年)至1254年(蒙古宪宗四年、大理天定三年)蒙古灭大理之战,在蒙哥攻宋之战中,蒙古宗王忽必烈从蒙古国本部率军远程奔袭攻灭大理国。
从上述蒙古的征战史分析,蒙古是第一个全面征服整个欧亚大陆的军事帝国,蒙古经过三次西征(公元1219年至1260年,期间41年)后,全面占领了中国新疆、
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