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正文 第19章 优劣利弊(下)(第1页/共3页)

说八股文太重形式,是“束缚思想”,难道古人就不明白这个道理?明明知道如此,还是不改,那就一定有不改它的理由,肯定仔细权衡过利弊。像高务实前世的公务员考试也考申论,考过公务员的人应该知道,申论作文要写好不容易,往往是拉分的关键,内容主要是当今的热点难点,也有固定的格式可套,什么“三段论”,提出问题,分析问题,解决问题等等。其实这难道就不是现代版的八股文么?当然,比较起来,其自由发挥度要稍高一些,但是弊端是高下不好评判。也许从形式上来看,似乎要比八股文自由多了,但有时明明觉得写得很好,论述很精彩,却和“标准答案”不符,分数很低。或者同一篇文章,这个人看了说好,换了个人批卷子就觉得是一派胡言,分数很低。

事实上古人早就明白了这个道理,所以才有八股文这样的严格要求,首先形式上统一标准,制定游戏规则,确保公平的取舍,以免惹人非议。八股文有格式上的要求,却没有所谓“标准答案”,而且那时候考完的试卷都会发还本人,上面都有批改痕迹,这可是对批卷者的巨大压力,不能不认真谨慎。比起前世的只知道分数,不能查看卷中是改得对还是不对,反倒是公开民主多了。

八股文有利有弊,总体上看,近代以来对其弊端有过分夸大的嫌疑,而忽视了它在选拔人才、确保公正公平、延续中华传统文化、维护社会稳定等方面所起到的巨大作用。

其实,八股文真正最大的弊端,以高务实来看,并不在于文体,而在于出题的范围。明清之八股文,考题范围基本局限于《四书》[注:理论上《五经》也算,但实际上考得非常少],写文章的时候,还几乎不允许有自己的思想,只能“代圣人立言”,那就无怪乎“禁锢思想”了。而且考题不外《四书》也导致后期出题上的麻烦——《四书》翻来覆去每句话都考过了,每句话出题都有不知多少“范文”。结果只好“别出心裁”,搞出各种截搭题,虽然这些截搭题中也有不少奇思妙想、独辟蹊径之题,却也少不得闹出一些奇葩无语的笑话。

其实这几年闲来无事的时候,高务实所做出的大明改革规划里头就有关于科举改革的很多内容,不过那都是在将来掌握大权之后的事,甚至不光是掌握大权——还要有巨大的声望以及前期做出的许多铺垫作为支撑,然后才能分步骤、一点一点来改革。

至于说跟前世那些要搞“”的人所想的废除科举,高务实倒是完全没有想过——君不见那么多法国启蒙思想家极力推崇中国的科举制?法国启蒙思想泰斗伏尔泰甚至在《论孔子》中写道:“没有任何立法者比孔夫子曾对世界宣布了更有用的真理”、“‘己所不欲,勿施于人’是超过基督教义的最纯粹的道德”。而法国1793年宪法所附《人权和公民权宣言》以及法国1795年宪法所附《人和公民的权利和义务宣言》都写入了孔子的名言“己所不欲,勿施于人”,分别定义为自由的道德界限和公民义务的原则。把外国先哲的格言写入宪法,这可算是第一例! 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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