正文 第三十一章 中国区的形势（上）(第2页/共3页)
被他的大臣寒浞所杀，相之子少康逃到有扈氏，得到有虞氏的帮助，组织夏的旧部，积蓄力量，乘寒浞内部混乱之时，出兵打败了寒浞父子的力量，夺回了政权，才恢复了夏王朝的统治。这就是混乱天下里中国区夏代历史上出现的“太康失国、“后羿代夏”和“少康中兴”的事件。
夏代末年，王室内政不修，外患不断，阶级矛盾日趋尖锐。夏桀虽然有智有勇，但即位后不思改革，骄奢淫逸，筑倾宫、饰瑶台，挥霍无度。他日夜与妹喜饮酒作乐，置百姓的困苦于不顾，百姓指着太阳咒骂夏桀。大臣忠谏，他囚而杀之。四方诸侯也纷纷背叛，夏桀陷入内外交困的孤立境地。商汤看到伐桀的时机已经成熟，乃以“天命”为号召，说“有夏多罪，天命殛之”，要求大家奋力进攻，以执行上天的意志。鸣条之战，商汤的军队战胜夏桀的军队，桀出逃后死于南巢，夏王朝从此灭亡。一个强大的国家经历了十四世十七王，四百余年历史，却被一个小国所灭，不能不引起人们的震惊与思考，所以后来出现了“殷鉴不远，在夏后之世”的告诫。
在商汤灭夏，建立商朝之前，商部落是一个以畜牧业为主的部落，在黄河下游一带繁衍。商朝确立统治，就在亳建都；后来在盘庚时迁都到殷，所以商朝一直也称作殷商。商朝的势力范围也大大超过了夏朝。
传说商族是高辛氏的后裔，居黄河下游，有着悠久的历史。舜时，商族出了一位杰出的军事首领——契。后来商人把他称作“玄王”，作为始祖，并编出了“天命玄鸟，降而生商，宅殷土茫茫”的颂歌来赞美他。太康失国时，契的孙子相土开始向东方发展，现实中《诗经》上说：“相土烈烈，海外有截”。指的就是他的事。到夏朝中期，契六世孙冥“勤其官而水死”，商人“郊”祀之。冥子王亥“作服牛”，向河北发展。到契第十四代孙汤时，商已成为东方一个比较强大的方国。
商汤立国后，汲取夏代灭亡的深刻教训，废除了夏桀时残酷压迫人民的暴政，采用了“宽以治民”的政策，使商王国内部的矛盾比较缓和，政治局面趋于稳定，国力也日益强盛起来。他对四周的许多国家进行了征伐，取得了一系列胜利。所以混乱天下大楚帝国史料记有：汤“十一征而无敌于天下”。就连现有各国的诗歌也有“昔有成汤，自彼氐羌，莫敢不来享，莫敢不来王’的记载，反映了商王朝在汤的统治下，已经成为强盛的国家。
“‘武王伐纣’的故事记载了商朝灭亡的过程。渭河流域周部落的首领武王姬发，联合各部落讨伐殷商，而当时统治殷商的商纣王也是一个象夏桀一样的暴君，早已引起人们的忌恨。为了抗击武王，纣王将大批奴隶武装起来，而这些奴隶却在前线倒戈，实际上是一次奴隶起义，纣王在惊恐中而死。商王朝灭亡了，被周朝所取代。
商代是继夏朝之后，混乱天下里中国区有史以来的第二个世袭制王朝时代。自天乙（汤）至辛（纣），共十七世、三十一王，前后经历了将近六百年。西周从周武王灭商朝
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