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正文 第三百九十六章 奉天承运皇帝(上)(第2页/共3页)

制,勤政爱民”,其中可能有溢美之词,不过,与前后几朝相比,弘治时期的朝政的确算是清明的。弘治以前和之后,都曾发生过较多的农民起义,形成了明中期农民起义的两个高潮,而惟独这个时期农民起义发生极少,是政治上的一个相对稳定时期。

自成化年间,房能、李实、白圭力主搜套,后虽有红盐池之战的败套,然仍不能复套守东胜,竟筑延绥边墙。到了弘治初时,陕西监察御史李鸾上奏因明庭弃守东胜卫,导致现在明朝官兵面对以东胜卫旧地为基地的鞑靼凡数十的入寇一筹莫展,被戮、掠人、畜不可胜计。面对轻骑俟间窃入,杀掳人畜,官军截杀必有报复之心的鞑靼人,吏部右侍郎王鏊力主遣死士捣巢剿套,朱祐樘意动,被大臣赞为真英主,南京刑部员外郎李祚、户科右给事胡世忠以宋夏之警例,建议朱祐樘效仿唐朝筑三受降城。但这些提议,都因为明军纪律下降、卫所疲弱而不能从行。

现在平安伯仅凭私募兵,一举打退了鞑靼七万入套骑兵,收回了东胜城这样大的功劳,让朱祐樘左右为难起来,按理因该封赏,可是该给什么样的封赏犯难了。公侯伯子男里等级最高的是公爵,明初时期给二十五名功劳最大的人物封了公爵。其中的代表就是徐达和常遇春,李善长。他们战功赫赫,得到这样的爵位也是情理之中。

到了明朝中期,丞相这个职务已经不复存在,转而实行内阁制。内阁成员实际上就是六部的长官。明中期打赢北京保卫战的于谦获得了兵部尚书的要职,但没有封爵位,尚书同一品,这已经是对他功劳的最高肯定。

对于像于谦这样对大明力挽狂澜的人,没有得到爵位,此时的章子俊已经获得了一个伯爵,如要最进一步,就是侯了,在明朝对待获得爵位封号的功臣并不多,明朝在武将功臣的封赏有其独特的规定,明初时期封了七十九位军功侯爵,其中代表是陆仲亨,耿秉文等人。这些人可是开国元勋。

比如接下去中兴之功的张居正,在生前官至内阁首辅,晚年被授予了太师封号。也没有获得过爵位。

又比如到了晚明时期,孙承宗在辽东防务上有独特的见解,又是皇帝的老师,当过兵部尚书,辽东督师,东阁大学士。他率领军队稳固了关宁锦防线,收复了四百多里失地,同时在边境屯田,遏制后金的攻势。活着时获得的最高职位就是东阁大学士,死后被南明朝廷追授太师封号,也没有获得爵位。

另一位大名鼎鼎的王阳明,平定朱宸濠叛乱后,只获得了伯爵称号,被赐予新建伯。

可见明朝爵位的发放特别吝啬,按章子俊的功绩理应封赏加一等为侯爵了。可是自永乐后明朝还没有一个外臣能封侯的,更别说能封王了,“勋戚大臣无生封王者唯赠典则有之”,也就是功勋外戚大臣生无封王者,只有去世后追赠为王者,也被称为民王。所以民王既不是宗室亲郡王,也不同于化外朝贡的藩国藩王,而是一种明朝对功臣异姓封王制 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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