正文 第三十四章 乡试(第1页/共3页)
丙子年,按制逢子、午、卯、酉年为乡试大比,两京一十三省首府都要为三年一次的科举考试而忙碌起来。
乡试试场设在各省省城,即布政司衙门所在地,南北直隶的试场分别设在应天、顺天二府,即京城、南京。考试之前,各布政司及二京府均聘请主考官二人、同考官四人。主考官的职责是出题、审卷、决定录取名单、排定名次并上报礼部,同考官则负责协助出题、审卷。
八月初,各省乡试如期举行,顺天府乃天子脚下,首善之区,规制自然最高,两个主考官的分量都比其他地方高出许多,分别为太常寺少卿兼翰林院侍读刘俨、左春坊左中允兼翰林院编修黄谏。
章子俊早早就准备好了这一次大比,如能考中,就步入了这个时代的特权阶层,只要想过平安生活,远离朝堂上那些是是非非,最无受冻挨饿的可能,章子军没有赶上景泰四年的乡试,直到景泰七年,乡试是每三年举办一次。
乡试又称“大比”,定在子、卯、午、酉年秋八月进行,故又称“秋闱”。参加乡试的人员有两种:一是在校学生,即国子监监生和府、州、县官学就读的生员。但生员必须是在按察司提学副使主持的科考中获得一、二等的“科举生员”。二是“充场儒士”。在明代,未人政府各级学校的读书人称“童生”,他们中的一些人经特别考试,可获准参加乡试。乡试参试名额与中举名额大致为三十比一,即录取一名举人,参试者约为三十名。“科举成式”还规定,学校教官、罢闲官吏、倡优之家以及居父母丧者,不许参加乡试。
除主考、同考,还要组织一个乡试管理班子,这个班子由提调官一人、监试官二人、供给官一人、收掌试卷官二人、弥封官一人、誊录官一人、对读官四人、受卷官二人、巡绰搜检官四人组成,另有办事人员及号军若干。
主考、同考官及有关人员应提前两天进入考场,实行“锁院”。锁院的目的,一是清除闲杂人员,二是安排好考生的号房并进行公布,三是出题及刻印试卷。
很明显乡试比之前三场的县试、府试、院试规格全面提高了,乡试的考试分三场进行。
第一场安排在八月九日,内容是《四书》义三道,每道答案规定在二百字以上;《五经》义四道,每道三百字以上。如书写不及,可各省去一道。这一场主要是考考生对《四书》、《五经》以及各家注疏的基本掌握情况,类似于基础知识的考试,不是很难,答案也是统一的。这种预知的标准答题,对考生来说就要再平时死记硬背,背的“滚瓜烂熟”才行。按“科举成式”规定,《四书》的标准答案用朱子集注,《易经》用程传和朱子本义,《尚书》用蔡氏传及古注疏,《诗经》用朱子集传,《春秋》用左氏、公羊、谷梁三传及胡安国、张洽传,《礼记》用古注疏。永乐时颁布《四书五经大全》,成为国子监和府、州、县学的统编教材以及科举头场的标准答案。
第二场在八月十二日,内容是“论”一道,三百字以上;“判语”五条:诏、诰、表、内科任选一道。这一场主要检验考生是否具备做官的基本条件,对考生来说也不难,这些诏、诰、表、内科捉猫扮老虎,依样画瓢而已。
第三场在八月十五日,考经、史、时务策五道,可视为考安邦定国的见解。
就是说每隔三天考一场,每场三天,历时九天七夜。
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