《东铎王朝》 第一百章 封爵(第3页/共3页)
侯二等封爵,变为王、五等封爵、列侯三大层次封爵。北朝取消列侯,王、五等封爵成为主要的封爵爵称。
诸王封爵。西晋设国王、郡王(分大、次、小)、县王,各有多少不等的食邑户数。东晋南朝,仅禅代前期的异姓篡代者封国王,如刘裕封宋王,萧道成封齐王。一般情况下,皇子才能封郡王(亦分大、次、小三级)。北魏前期,异姓多封王,但袭爵者即降为公。孝文改制,唯宗室封王,并按亲疏远近分为一藩王、二藩王、三藩王,亦为郡王。北周末年,在郡王之上,又设国王,封授对象是皇子。诸王政治权益,因王朝而异。西晋王国按大、次、小可分别置三军、二军、一军,自选官属。其他王朝,则无置军和自选官属权。但诸王可参政入仕、领兵出镇,却是这一时期各王朝的普遍现象。骨肉相残因此时有发生,构成诸王干政、乱政的政治格局。
五等封爵。曹魏有乡公、亭伯等爵称。咸熙元年,即将代魏的司马氏设立五等封爵。五等封爵,采《周礼》中公、侯、伯、子、男之名,每等又分大、次二级,共五等十级。每级封爵都有封疆里数和户邑数,以方五里和邑二百户为差,井然有序。五等封爵官品在第二以上,名位低于诸王,却有高于列侯的“禄奉礼秩”,其中公、侯可置一军。东晋南北朝,五等封爵不再划定封疆里数,大、次两级合二而一,皆以郡或县立国,并在爵称前冠以“开国”字样。伯、子、男三级封爵,品秩也由第二分别降至第三、四、五。北周后期,滥封无度,遂在郡公之上常设国公,以封柱国大将军等重要功臣。时五等封爵的爵序是:国公、郡公、县公、县侯、县伯、县子、县男。
列侯。魏晋有县、乡、亭侯,品秩在五等封爵之下。东晋南朝,县侯与五等封爵中的“侯”合一,仅存乡、亭侯。北朝无列侯爵。
列侯之下,尚有属于赐爵的关内侯、关中侯、关外侯等爵。
就创新而言,这一时期有“分食制”和“虚封制”。“分食制”指诸侯按一定食租率提取食邑户的租税。如西晋诸侯三分食一;东晋南朝九分食一;北魏王二分食一,公三分食一,侯伯四分食一,子男五分食一。“虚封制”,是指无封国食邑、不食租税的封爵。它与赐爵制的区别就在于可以世袭。典型的虚封制是北朝的散爵,如散公、散侯、散伯等等。北周初年,因租税有限,开国封爵“虽锡以茅土,而未给租赋”。保定二年,周武帝诏令诸国公,可寄食他县,收其租赋。寄食户数仅是原食邑户数的十分之一。这种封户为虚、寄食户为实之例,为以后的虚实相结合的食租税方式提供了借鉴。
隋唐隋唐爵制与北周末年之制略同。国王更名为亲王(正一品),以封皇子;郡王(从一品)封授宗室,唐中期以后异姓功臣亦有封郡王者。废县王。王以下是国公(从一品),开国郡公(隋从一品,唐正二品),开国县公(隋从一品,唐从二品),开国县侯(隋正二品,唐从三品),开国县伯(隋正三品,唐正四品),开国县子(隋正四品,唐正五品),开国县男(隋正五品,唐从五品),共九级,主要封授异姓功臣。九级封爵,并“设爵无土,署官不职”,较之汉魏,其政治、经济功能明显削弱。各级封爵的食邑户数“率多虚名,其言食实封者,乃得真户”。真食实封的方式,也是“分食诸郡”,不再直接从封国内征收租税。封爵的主要经济权益是凭爵品获得永业田,数额为:亲王一百顷,郡王五十顷,国公四十顷,郡公三十五顷,县公二十五顷,县侯十四顷,县伯十顷,县子八顷,县男五顷。均田制瓦解后,诸侯亦不再受永业田。
黎煜明采用的是周制,所以就封了五等,公侯伯子男。
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