正文 五十四、海上坦途千帆航(第2页/共4页)
划了。
船只在正午温暖的海水中起伏,骑兵的坐骑们顺从地步入水中,然后跃至船上,船只蓦地一沉,旋即左右摇摆几下,便恢复平衡。在另一边,不少劳动力开始往小船上搬运食物、淡水、帐篷和武器——第一批登岸的人既要负责警戒、乃至同可能的敌人接战,又要负责搭建大军的营地,任务最为繁重。人、马、物资的登船和下船,海盟的人已经演练过多次,整个登船过程十分顺利,在太阳仍当头时,船只便陆续离开岸边,驶入深邃的大海,运兵船(大船)与补给船(小船)自海岸边至海中连成了一条线——如此大规模的出海这还是第一次,岸上的人纷纷感叹于眼前“千帆竞航”的壮观景象。
我在最前头的船上向后观望,船队上的鼓声响彻海面,船员们有节奏地滑动着桨,带动小船不断向前、再向前。
我在心里默念:将来一定要扩大船队规模,继续改良船只,让大海成为尼国人的坦途,让“千帆竞航”变成现实场景!
在古代,陆运的效率相比水运来说效率极低,即便到了农业时代,人们发明了马车、修筑了平坦宽阔的道路,陆运的成本仍然是水运的十倍。因此,无论在东方还是西方,商路、运输路线主要沿水路而建,大多数军事行动也均沿着水路开展。以华夏为例,洛阳位于函谷关以东各条水系的黄金点上,汇聚了黄河、汴水、泗水等主要河流,因此经常被当做中原大一统王朝的首都或陪都;而大量有名的军事行动,尤其是东部的战争,如三国时期关羽北攻樊城、水淹七军,亦或是东吴北伐合肥、桓温北伐、刘裕北征等著名军事行动,均完全沿着大江大河开展,而水运的低成本,也使作战双方都能动员超过10万人参与军事行动——这是诸葛丞相北伐、东汉西征陇西等纯陆路军事行动的规模无论如何也比不了的。至于更北边干旱地区的军事行动,如汉武帝北伐匈奴,光骑兵部队就数万人,这个庞大的成本消耗,代价便是“天下户口几亡其半”了。
我们现在地处欧洲大陆,其比华夏大地的一大优势便是地中海的存在。无论是统一的罗马帝国,还是后续支离破碎的西方世界,无不是利用地中海和多瑙河、莱茵河等陆上主要河流,来尽可能降低物流成本。因此,虽然罗马人的农业技术远逊于华夏,亩产几乎长期只有华夏的一半左右,但仍能靠着水运的低成本养活两到三千万人,成为领土面积(含地中海)和人口不亚于两汉的庞大世界帝国。
况且,充足的水道和海路,使西方人心中“以海为墙”的观念十分淡薄,各国均视大海为坦途,视海为商路、兵路——当然敌国也这么认为,因此当波斯人、维京人、鄂图曼人自海上而来时,欧洲国家并未惊慌失措,而是同样组织起海军、沿海防御力量进行抵抗。
这样的观念,在农耕时代优势还不明显,因此华夏诸王朝作为最璀璨的古代农业帝国,乃是实至名归。但航海时代开启后,西方各国陆续开始利用并不陌生的海路扩大势力范围,最终形成
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