正文 第一百三十七章 监察御史 铁骨刘钊(第1页/共3页)
就在天启皇帝平台召对之时，西安门南小时雍坊的一处宅院里，张溥正在同督察院的一位御史聊天。
御史制度是洪武年设立，永乐年间以御史巡查地方，成为定例，一直贯穿大明二百余年。初于洪武十五年，改制督察院，洪武十六年设左右都御史，正二品，下设十二道监察御史，正七品官阶，别看品级不高，但却有着审视百官的权力，就是二三品的大员看着御史都有些打怵。
到宣德十年加设为十三道御史，以省份名字命名，十三道御史朝廷编制为一百一十人，江湖人称“十三道监察御史”，有御赐的云纹金牌，当然这个金牌是铜制的。
御史职责为：主察纠内外百司之官邪，可谓霸气十足，尤其以巡按御史职权为重，代表天子巡视天下，有可依律行斩的权责。这就不得了了，大明的各级官员可以罢免论罪，但不能随便杀人，而御史就可以直接上手，先砍了再说，所以御史基本是横着走的。
正因为御史牛掰，所以大明的御史必须是科举出身持身严正，清正严明的官员才能担任，而且御史的家眷基本都在京师，能很大程度的保证下派御史的可靠性。
御史这职业以喷人为生，开始喷个侍郎、知府的还能得到勇于任事的夸赞，后来不喷个尚书、学士都不好意思出门，百十年内卷下来，不喷皇帝都不好意思说自己是御史。
当然喷皇帝是有风险的，大明皇帝为了维护自己的权威，专门设立了廷杖制度，对于进谏触怒自己的官员，一律拉出去，在午门或阙廷打板子，有时候气急了，也在朝堂上就地动手。
廷杖是属于律法之外的惩罚手段，相当于皇帝的私刑，所谓“杀人至惨，而不立于法”。
大明讲究君臣父子，皇帝的本意可能是棍棒底下出孝子，但后来由于朝臣为了名声而内卷，导致求廷杖成了舍生取义的象征，刷名声的终极手段。
官员故意碰瓷皇帝，拿性命求廷杖，这里边最重要的原因是文官集团和皇帝争夺权力。廷杖本来是皇帝维护权威，打压羞辱文官的手段，后来就被文官们弄成了可以为自己扬名的“好事”。
当然，这也是从成化年间以后才逐步养成的臭毛病，要是在洪武和永乐朝，不用廷杖两位皇爷就能弄死这些文官，当然文官也不敢在这两位爷手底下闹事，要不然可就不是求仁得仁了，一不留神容易全家地府一游，搞大发了九族添一族，来个十全十没也是发生过的。
廷杖相当的惨烈，但也没有野史传的那么悬乎，什么内外八字之类的那是糊弄人的，廷杖一般是气上头的皇帝下令，锦衣卫行刑，百官观刑，谁敢在皇帝的气头上搞小动作？那纯粹是找死，除非碰巧赶上皇帝气消的快，让太监出去给点暗示而已，这需要运气爆棚才行。
廷
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