正文 第五十九章 盐政（中）(第1页/共3页)
后世常有人说明亡于万历，也有说明亡于嘉靖的。其实抛开明代祖制和封建社会自身劣根性不谈，从政务实操层面上来说，明代灭亡的第一个多米诺骨牌，是叶淇推倒的。
在盐法初坏之时，弘治帝若能头脑清醒，明白开中之法对明朝边防的重大意义，就不会被叶淇忽悠改为盐引折色，而应该反向解决开中法出现的问题。
改了盐引折色后，直接带来的三个破坏性后果：一是朝廷虽获得了年入百万两银子的短利；但数年之后彻底崩坏的开中法让九边粮草转运成本激增，最后增加到数千万两以上。到崇祯时，虽狂加辽饷，仍杯水车薪。
二是商垦荒废，致使边地粮价高企，形成恶性循环。九边日益高涨的粮价导致财政枯竭，而被财政枯竭压垮的朝廷继续搜刮民间，最后积重难返。
三是继续加重了边防和内地的吏治腐败。盐引折色之后，自弘治帝以降，皇帝大肆滥赏盐引，再加上九边文官、武将偷卖，户部发引前被请托等等，导致盐引大量集中在权贵豪商之家和内廷大珰之手，他们都将持引获利视为平常。开中取引的正经盐商守支多年，破产者数以千计——朝廷付出了盐利流失和边防粮草自行转运的双重代价，仅仅富了这些食利阶层。
因此，万历初年的有识大臣例如王国光这样的，向朱翊钧喊出“大明危矣！”这样的振聋发聩之音，就不足为奇。
朱翊钧听几个人细细讲解了开中法崩溃的危害之后，心知盐政兴革的越早，朝廷财政失血的情况就会改善的越早，对以后的改革其利甚大，不容怠忽。
理了理思路，朱翊钧问道：“弊端已知了，如何兴革？”说完，目视张居正，看看这能臣有什么好办法。张居正则示意王国光，让他回奏。
王国光道：“臣等商议了，有向前、向后两法。向前则比叶淇变法更进一步，用‘窝本’之法，逐年消化掉未支盐引，重鼓盐商之心；向后则利用今年晒盐，产盐量大的时机，将未支盐引全数兑付，退回开中之法！”说完，细细解释何为“窝本”之法。
窝本之法在原时空由袁世振在万历四十五年提出，但此前朝廷已经讨论多年。以王国光之能力，此前已知皇帝要兴革盐政，脑花儿一冒泡，就得出了和袁世振同样的办法：
将天下所有盐引（未支）和新发的分为十纲，每年一纲为旧引，另外九纲为新引，称为窝本。九纲新引由商人直接向盐场收购运销，从此朝廷不收盐。收买和运销权都归于盐商，盐商的窝本可以世袭。
这种方法针对的是朝廷盐场壅积——晒盐增加后的必然结果和盐商守支的现状，一举解决了官盐销路和盐引积压问题，只要加大打击私盐的力度，除了九边粮草问题未解决外，基本解决了现存问题。
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