正文 上架感言(第2页/共3页)
十七日“杀了从各处查出送来之无谷之尼堪“。
1625年(明天启五年)十月初三日,努尔哈赤下达长谕,指责汉民“窝藏奸细,接受札付,叛逃不绝“,历数镇江、长山岛、川城,耀州、彰义站、鞍山、海州、金州等地汉民武装反抗事例,宣布要斩杀叛逃之人。他命令八旗贝勒和总兵官以下备御以上官将,带领士卒,各去自己辖属的村庄,“区别“汉民,凡系抗金者,一律处死。各将遵令,“分路去,逢村堡,即下马斩杀“。
时有辽民几尽杀光之说。
努尔哈赤还在十月初三的“汗谕“中,命将未杀的“筑城纳赋“之“小人“(即劳动者),全部编隶汗、贝勒的拖克索(庄),每庄十三丁、七牛,耕地百晌,八十晌庄丁“自身食用“,二十晌作“官赋“。编丁隶庄后,总兵官以下,备御以上,“每备御各赐一庄“。这样一来,原来“计丁受田“的汉民,失去了“民户“的身份,沦落为奴隶制农奴性质的“庄丁“,被迫缴纳数倍于“计丁授田“之丁上交的丁赋,人身奴役加重,剥削更为厉害。
辽东地区的大多数汉民(即除去原系阿哈的汉民以外),从“计丁授田“的后金国“民户“,下降为缴纳高额地租、惨遭庄主压迫的封建农奴,严重地加深了辽民的苦难,农奴制庄园恶性扩展,遍布后金辖区,这是很大的倒退。
努尔哈赤令汉人与女真人合户,实际上是将满族旗人分置于汉人各户之中,满人奴役汉人,汉族男丁承担了全部重体力劳动,汉族妇女则成了他们的奴婢。
如此的不平等,加上缺衣少食,就导致了1623年满、汉之间的一系列冲突。许多汉人故意在食物和饮水中投毒,焚烧房舍,还杀死了一些后金的哨卒。
努尔哈赤对汉人抗暴作出的反应,是进一步种族歧视、种族清洗。他愤怒地责问八贝勒:“我等之兵去后,耀州之人即扬言杀我妇孺,其他各地之人亦毒杀我等之诸申,尔等知否?“又斥责各旗大臣对汉人过分宽容:汉官与我等之诸申,因何同等对待?若我等之诸申犯罪,则问其功劳,问其官位,稍有理由,即应赦之。若尼堪犯下死罪,又未尽心效力,复有偷窃之事,则应尽诛其子孙亲族,为何仅责打了事?
窃据沈阳后,满汉人户便被指定居住在按种族划分的区域内。除此之外,努尔哈赤还规定汉人不得持兵器;而女真人则无论是不是八旗兵丁,都要随身携带兵器。这种旨在阻止汉人反抗的歧视政策,可能正是1625年汉人叛乱的导火索。这年秋,许多满族兵民被杀,据说还有汉人派人向附近的明军求援,希望重返明朝。11月,努尔哈赤采取了严厉措施,遂令满族官吏进行彻底调查,清洗各村带头闹事的秀才:并非我等嘉善拔擢之官员,乃是昔为明国秀才、大臣而今无官者,听信奸细之言,煽动当地村民。凡此等人,皆检出诛之。
从万历四十七年六月伪金,复州兵民起,由于辽东军民痛恨后金苛政,
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