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正文 昭公下论(第1页/共3页)



天下不可以力争,故楚虔死于乾溪,项籍灭于垓下,完颜亮殪于采石。以力争之不得,反其道者,将以义贸之。义其可以贸天下乎?既力争之,复义贸之,未有能如其贸而不败者也。何也?义弗贸,贸非义也。苻坚尝以义贸矣,慕容垂、姚苌、张天锡即以之而蹙坚。楚弃疾亦以义贸矣,陈、蔡之封复不旋踵而州来灭,三年而齐师争徐,四年而兵挫于长岸,身殂未几,郢随以亡。是奚以然邪?力者,其所固有也;义者,其所固无也。

舍其所固有,假其所固无,德不足怀,怨沦于髓,树怨而委之以为我守。恶其相贸之情,寻其竞力之憯,阳为我守而心实去之,故徐、巢、州来倾陷而莫救;一朝得当,疾距而无所系,故蔡乘吴起,深入以为患而无可防。凡此一弃疾之所不谋,而势之所必至也。

故义者,君子之仅用,而义贵矣。石虎死,冉闵反其道而促亡于鲜卑;拖雷死,忽必烈弗反其道而以并中国。何以知异类小人之必亡哉?

一旦反而贸义于天下,亡之期也。天不假力人以义,力人不能争天以名,故或曰:“盗亦有道焉。”不知道,不知盗也。其盗也,唯其无道也;如有道也,则不足以盗也。盗不得有道,道固不可以盗者也。



楚君乘齐桓之没,力竞齐、宋,而许从之;商臣乘晋襄之没,力劫宋、郑,而蔡从之。

晋灵以降,中国会盟无蔡、许之迹,则其于楚也,始以畏,而终以爱矣。爱者,移情者也。情移则性迁,性迁则教成于上,教成于上则习成于下。蔡、许之臣子,唯君父之教以为习,而君已情楚情,性楚性,教楚教,无所不楚矣,挞之不楚而不可得矣。

故春秋以来,暴行作,篡弑仍,然未有世子而大逆者也。先王之教,留于不孝者之心,溃而犹有坊也。楚商臣弑其君页,于是而蔡般弑其君固,许止弑其君买。鲁、卫、齐、晋、宋、郑、曹、邾非无逆子而弗忍。

呜呼!非我类者不入我伦,岂特其政之虐我哉!言语衣冠,始化者也;嗜好性情,继化者也;禽聚兽噬憯莫之恤,终化者也。有其始者,必有其终,是以君子甚惧之。

襄公楚其宫而幸死,哀公越其言而幸亡,故王猛之罪百扬雄,而许衡之慝千杨、墨也。



道之维世,一彼一此。为之维者,势所趋,趋之而畸重之势又成。唐、虞官天下,无事乎立国之势,而咎亦免矣。商、周之兴,一彼一此之间,善败趋焉,其所善者即其所败者也。

宋守殷道以立国,先罚而后赏,有持权而无委柄。迨乎春秋之世,德已衰矣,然春秋列国权委于下,恒成乎不拔,其治也,偷也;其乱也,有出君而无覆宗之大夫也。大夫之或覆其宗,大夫汰愎以自覆,而非君也。

而宋不然,宋不能无乱,乱亦稍轻于他国,司马卬、荡意诸、鱼氏、华、向、辰、地、佗、弥之弄兵以逞,陈、鲍、赵、范、孙、宁、季、孟之未有,质世子,分国都,挟吴、楚以寻兵,尤他强臣之不得为,顾其狂起狂灭,或诛或逐,苟为乱,未有能免者也;其不免也,又君之躬与竞而胜之,以伸国刑也。故宋有持权而无委柄,殷先王之以其道维国势于百世,可知已。

晋、卫、齐、鲁之衰,非大夫而师莫举。宋兵所加,君必亲焉,大夫帅师以专征者,概不多见,迄乎春秋之终未易也。兵犹操于上,则威不集于下,弱者伏,强者仅相亢而终诎于名与法,其纲维久矣。德虽降,道虽衰,殷先王之人纪,微子之淫威,莫之或替。所谓为之维者,势所趋也。维然,而畸重之势,抑成乎孤立而弗与为拯。

故夏尝亡矣,少康兴,迄桀三百载而后亡;周尝亡矣,平王迁,迄赧五百年而后亡;殷之中叶,其君失御,其国播迁,而国未尝中斩,乃当纣之世,乍倾而终不可复。卫之羸也,后六国以灭;鲁之弱也,亡未几而六国从之;宋王偃方力争天下,拓地千里,大败三强国之兵,而一旦骤灭。其所善者即其所败,为天下师者即为天下资。处乎盗贼纵横之天下以立国,尤不乐乎其为宋也。

十一

太上治时,其次先时,其次因时,最下亟违乎时。亟违于时,亡之疾矣。治时者,时然而弗然,消息乎己以匡时者也。先时者,时将然而导之,先时之所宗者也。

因时者,时然而不得不然,从乎时以自免,而亦免矣。亟违时者,时未为得,而我更 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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