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正文 成公上论(第1页/共3页)



有国者不可以不知兵。知兵之所由胜,必先知兵之所由出;所由出者,斯民生死之大故也。

三代之制,以兵为农;流及其衰,以农为兵。夫农者,几尽乎人之类,固可益者也。益之不已,而又益之,是尽取其民而战之矣。战国之战也,斩馘者至数十万,前古所未有,而亦后世所幸无。此数十万者,孰使之糜肝脑于一旦哉?兵农合一之说戕之也。

三代之制,以兵为农,是犹其弭兵也。岁时之所讲练,财使之知兵而固不求其精。其有事而使即戎也,奉词以加所伐之国,威之而已。

或不得已而至于战,以中夏战中夏,以诸侯战诸侯,旦解甲而夕修好,故甚忌乎兵之强,而偶成乎虔刘,则以兵为农,犹之乎弭兵而姑未弭尔。

多寡之数,勇怯之情,坚脆之势,彼此相知而不相乘,则可以有制而不益。

殆其敝也,友邦固为仇怨,相乘以其所知,而不得不增兵以自张,若鲁之惧齐而邱甲作是已。然追奔有礼,禽杀有道,犹是以中夏战中夏,而无取其强。迄于七国之争,糜烂以逞,而所用者犹此释耒操戈之氓,则一蹶不振而数十万之肝脑尽于一日,无他,人固不能自战,而乘乎胜负之机,鼓衰将死,欲自免而力不能也。

矧后世之既不然矣。封建圮,郡县设,郡固不与郡争,县固不与县竞,无已而竞,缮尺一之封,讼于当宁已耳。中夏不相为战,所战者夷矣;守令不相为战,所战者盗矣。夷之与盗,追奔我者无制,禽杀我者无余,是不容以释耒操戈之农人当之,审矣。

于是乎农幸脱于兵,而以可继之粟易不可再得之躯命。若夫兵之出也,因其地,因其财,因其习,募之以其情,阅之以其技,非夺其耒而强授之戈者比也。农得生,兵得用,判然不可合而一也,久矣。

呜呼!以郡县天下之无道也,幸而农之不兵也。农而兵,人狎于战,而盗满天下矣。以后世盗之横行,亢王师而杀长吏;夷之内讧,欲相代以君中国,幸而兵之不即农也,兵而农,人不能战,而天下终无小康之一旦矣。

夫农之不可兵,犹士之不可贾也。泥于古者之欲兵其农,犹许衡之欲贾其士也。农其兵,以治封建之天下可矣;兵其农,春秋诸侯之所以重困民而流为战国之糜烂。

犹夫士其贾,而授输粟、田塞下者爵级,以救一时之贫弱可矣;贾其士而廉耻丧、大伦灭,许衡之所以率斯人于夷狄禽兽之中以为儒也。由斯言之;使府兵之不革,唐亡久矣,安所收朔方、灵武之功哉?

天之生斯人也,有独者焉,有同者焉。圣人治其独,以相济而顺于大同;愚者汩其独以苟同之,而终底于交丧。今且执农人而问之:乐以粟养兵乎?抑乐家出兵而免粟邪?情所不堪,气所不胜;日死其氓,而趋以国陷,独何为哉?儒者治经以经世,尚勿取生人之躯命,以姑试其叟闻。



农其兵,殆乎其无兵也,乃天下且遂以有不力之农。今之屯田,参民田之一,而率以鲁莽不治,收不及民田之半,是且屈地力而硗确之矣。夫兵之不可使农也,既废兵固废农。而农之不可使兵也,则既废农又必废兵,可乎!故兵其农,则天下殆乎无农,而固无兵也。

虽然,农其兵以纳兵于本,士其贾以登贾于文,进道也。故三代以之治,汉以之小康。兵其农,以坏农而陷之;贾其士,以抑士而汩之,退道也。故非昏主庸帅,与夫以苟且为儒者,末之用也。君子上达,故进天下以尊生尚德之事;小人下达,故退天下于辱贱死亡之中。进退之权,厚薄之情,治乱存亡之几,唯其人而已矣。



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