正文 9．在独立与协作中学会知人知己(第1页/共3页)
老子说：“知人者智，自知者明。”做人既要知人，又要知己。
《孙子·谋攻篇》又说：“知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负，不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。”
既了解敌人又了解自己，百战都不会失败；不了解敌人而只了解自己，胜败的可能各半；既不了解敌人，又不了解自己，必然每战必败。这里，孙子以简洁鲜明的语言，指明了掌握敌我双方情况，对战争胜负的重要意义，揭示了惟有心中有数，方能永远立于不败之地的普遍性规律。这一规律，不仅为古今中外的军事家所应用，而且已经成为致力于政治、经济、思想文化领域竞争事业的仁人志士、专家学者们的行为准则。“知己知彼”，是社会竞争的基本策略。
三国时期，刘备三顾茅庐，请得诸葛亮出山。诸葛亮为刘备仔细分析了竞争对手的情况，他指出：在当时的军阀割据中，曹操已“拥有百万之众，挟天子以令诸侯”，力量最为强大，刘备暂时还无法与之争斗；“孙权据有江东，已历三世，国险而民附，贤能为之用”，只能联合而不能谋取。可以夺取的战略要地，只有荆、益二州。荆、益二州是用武之地，天府之国，更重要的是统治荆、益二州的刘表和刘璋，懦弱无能，不得人心，完全可以取而代之。然后，诸葛亮为刘备提出完整的大略方案：占领荆、益二州，作为立足之地；然后，“西和诸戎，南抚夷越”，妥善处理好同少数民族的关系；“外结好孙权，内修政理”，搞好内政外交，发展实力；待时机成熟，就从荆、益二州兵分两路，进取中原，统一全国。这就是著名的《隆中对》。刘备对诸葛亮的谋略大为赏识，拜请他按此办理。后来的历史事实证明，诸葛亮对敌我双方特别是竞争对手的分析推断，是正确的。刘备的政治生涯，正是遵循这一条路取得发展的。
元朝末年，各地农民起义军风起云涌。经过各地农民军，特别是北方红巾军的致命打击，元王朝气息奄奄，死日将近。这时，朱元璋已经羽翼丰满，并踌躇满志。但他的东西两面，各有一支劲旅，构成了巨大威胁。西面是张士诚，东面是陈友谅，陈友谅拥有江西、湖广之地，是当时疆土最广、军力最强的势力，他野心最大，早有吞并朱元璋之意。他还派人与张士诚联系，彼此联合，东西夹击朱元璋。
朱元璋与群臣冷静地分析了竞争对手的情况，制定对策。他们认为：陈友谅傲气十足，张士诚为人狭隘，傲气十足的人好生事，气量狭小的人没有远大抱负。假如先攻张士诚，那么，张军就会顽强坚守，东面的陈友谅必然倾全国之兵，围攻过来，使自己处于腹背受敌的危险境地。反之，先攻陈友谅，气量狭小、无大志向的张士诚肯定拥兵自保，静观其变。陈友谅孤立无援，必败无疑。陈友谅兵败，张士诚则成为囊中之物，伸手可得。
从这种分析出发，朱元璋首先与陈友谅在鄱阳湖摆开战场，张士诚果然袖手旁观。朱元璋以全力对付陈友谅，获得全胜。之后，朱元璋又发
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