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正文 60晁错削藩(第1页/共3页)

却说一日早朝,黄生和辕固生两人在朝堂上讨论“汤武革命”的故事。其中黄生是反方辩手,辕固生是正方辩手。最后看似是辕固生赢了,实则他们两个人都没有赢。

根据《史记》记载,黄生认为汤武并非是受命,而是篡弑,他说:“汤、武非受命,乃杀也。”

对此辕固生反驳道:“不然。夫桀、纣荒乱,天下之心皆归汤、武,汤、武因天下之心而诛桀、纣,桀、纣之民弗为使而归汤、武,汤、武不得已而立。非受命为何?”就是说汤放桀、武王伐纣顺乎天、应乎人,是地地道道的“革命”,不是篡弑。

但是黄生却非常固执,他说君主再怎么昏庸也是君主,臣子再怎么贤能也是臣子,不能推翻君主,就像帽子再破也不能穿在脚上,鞋子再新也不能戴在头上一样。

这时辕固生将了他一军:“照你这么说,高祖取代秦朝也是不应该的了?也是篡弑吗?”

这是非常要命的一个问题。

按照辕固生的观点,臣下可以推翻君主,那么汉高祖推翻秦二世就是顺应天命,是正当的“革命”行为,具有政权的合法性。但同时也存在一个问题,就是臣子既然可以推翻君主,君臣之间的关系不是绝对的,臣子可以当皇帝,皇帝也有可能成为臣子甚至是阶下囚。

而按照黄生的观点,臣子永远不能推翻君主,即便这个皇帝再昏庸,也应该恪守臣子的本分,而不是去推翻他。他认为君臣之间的关系是绝对的,就好比帽子和鞋子一样,各有各的位置,是万万不能互换的。黄生的这一看法虽然有利于政权的稳定性,但无法解决政权来源的合法性问题。

我们知道刘邦虽然做了皇帝,但他称帝之前是秦朝的臣子。按照黄生的逻辑,就是说秦二世是帽子,刘邦是鞋子。尽管秦二世非常昏庸,但刘邦是万万不能推翻秦朝的,如此一来岂不是说汉代的政权不具有合法性。黄生这一观点有像汉景帝表忠心的样子,但他没有考虑到这其实是一个皇权自身的二难命题,仅靠他是无法解决的。

作为汉景帝,既是当政者,又是汉政权的继承人。因此在他的身上始终肩负着双重使命:

一方面希望政权的稳定长久

另一方面又希望能够巩固政权的合法性。

但这是不可兼得的,所以当辕固生和黄生抛出这个问题时,连忙打圆场说:“食肉毋食马肝,未为不知味也言学者毋言汤、武受命,不为愚。”自此以后汤武革命成为政治禁忌,学者不允许讨论这一事情。

但问题并没有解决。这个问题如果得不到解决,王朝的合法性及皇权的稳固始终是一个问题。

却说晁错在文帝时久为太子家令,深得景帝信任。文帝曾亲 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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